FOURTH LESSON

[Faruk]

The personal pronouns are : (')

ben (benn) I biz (beez) we
sen (senn) you siz (seez) you
o (oh) he,she,it onlar (ohn-lahr) the


deli (day-ly) mad,crazy. Nazik (nah-zeek) nice,amiable
Fakir (fah-keer) poor. Neş¸eli (nah-shay-ly) merry.
hasta (hass-tah) ill,sick. Pek (payk) very.
evet (ay-vate) yes. şiş¸man (sheesh-mahn) fat.
hayır (hah-yır) no. yalı (yahsh-li) old,aged.
kolay (coh-lie)easy. Yorgun (yohr-goon) tired.
kötü (kö-tew) bad,wicked. Yüksek (yew-sayk) high.
Mutlu ( moot-loo) happy. Zeki (zay-ky) clever.
değil (day-yeel) is not. Zengin (zenn-guin) rich.

(') Declension og the personel pronouns :

NOMINATIVE : ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar.
ACCUSATIVE : beni, seni, onu, bizi, sizi, onları.
GENETIVE : benim, senin, onun, bizim, sizin, onların.

DATIVE : bana, sana, ona, bize, size, onlara.
LOCATIVE : bende, sende, onda, bizde, sizde, onlarda.
ABLATIVE : benden, senden, ondan, bizden, sizden onlardan.

Yorgunum. I am tired.
Yohr-goon-oom

Gençsiniz. You are young.
Guench-seeneez

Hastadır. He ( she ) is ill.
Hass-tah-dir


It is to be noted that for the present tense of the verb ( to be ) the Turkish language has the following suffixes, ( which obey the rule of euophony ) :


1st person singular: im 1st person plural :iz
2nd person singular:sin 2nd person plural : siniz
3rd person singular:dir 3rd person plural : dirler


When the adjective ends in a vowel, the suffixes of the 1st person singular and plural become respectively yim and yiz.

You will notice that the personal pronoun can be omitted.


Mutluyum. I am happy.
iyisiniz. You are good.
Kötüdür. He (she) is wicked.
Kolaydır. It is easy.
Neş,eliyiz. We are merry.
Güzelsiniz. You are pretty.
Zekidirler. They are clever.
Pek naziksiniz. You are very nice.
Paul pek hastadır. Paul is very ill.


To obtain the negative tense,,the above-mentioned suffixes are used with the adverb (değ¸il) (is not) forming thus a locution which has not to obey the rule of euphony since it is never joined to another word.

Genç değ¸ilim. I am not young.
Hasta değ¸ilsiniz. You are not ill.
Kör değ¸ildir. He ( she ) is not blind.
Yüksek değ¸ildir. It is not high.
Deli değ¸ildir. We are not crazy.
Zengin değ¸ildir. We are not rich.
Pek nazik değ¸ilsiniz. You are not very nice.
Pek zeki değ¸ildirler. They are not very clever.

To abtain the interrogative tense, one has to put before the above-mentiored suffixes mi ( or mı, mü, mu according to the rule of euphony ) without joining to the adjective.


Zengin miyim? Am I rich?
Hasta mısınız? Are you ill?
Genç midir? Is he (she) young?
Kolay mıdır? Is it easy?
Zeki miyiz? Are we clever?
Deli misiniz? Are you crazy?
Arkadaşınız yaşlımıdır? Is your friend old?
Hayır,arkadaşım yaş¸lı değ¸ildir. No,my friend is not old.
Evet,arkadaş¸ım gençtir. Yes, my friend is young.
Paul mutlu mudur? Is Paul happy.
Evet, Paul mutludur. Yes,Paul is happy.
Hayır,mutlu değ¸ildir. No, he is not happy.

Exercise 5. - Put the following sentences into Turkish.

I am young. - I am not old. - You are clever (2nd person singular). - You are not crazy (2nd person singualr). - He is good. - He is not wicked. - We are very rich. - We are not very poor. - Am I happy. - No, I am not happy. - Are you crazy? (2nd person plural). - No, I am not crazy.